PURPOSE The goat knee has been widely used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction models, including biomechanical and biological studies. The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed qualitatively and quantitatively assessment of the ACL, its bundles and its insertion site in the goat knee. METHODS Ten fresh-frozen non-paired adult goat knees were used in this study. We measured the insertion site area of each bundle, the distances between the center of these areas and the anatomy landmarks. Moreover, we analyzed the ratio between the femoral and tibial insertion site areas and the midsubstance cross-sectional area of the ACL. A digitizing systems, Microscribe 3D and 3D-laser camera, were used to record the data. Statistical analysis was performed using a t test with p < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTS Three bundles could be clearly identified in each ACL: anteromedial (AM), intermediate (IM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle (Fig. 1). Interestingly, the anterior horn attachment of the lateral meniscus (* in Fig.1) divides the anterior portion of the tibial ACL insertion into AM and IM/PL bundles. On the tibial side, the insertion of the IM and PL bundles could not be identified separately. On the femur, the area of insertion site, represented as a percentage of the entire footprint, was 54.3 ± 7.8% for AM, 9.9 ± 3.8% for IM and 35.8 ± 4.4% for PL bundle. The area of tibial insertion was 68.6 ± 4.7% for AM and 31.4 ± 4.7% for IM/PL bundle. The differences between the entire femoral (51.9 ± 4.6 mm2) and tibial (81.1 ± 11.9 mm2) footprint areas and between each bundle were statistical significant (p < 0.05). All insertions had significantly larger areas than the ligament midsubstance cross-sectional area (21.76 ± 7.26 mm2) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The precise knowledge of the ACL anatomy in the goat knee is necessary when a goat model is planned. Our study provides valuable information about the ACL, its bundles and its femoral and tibial insertion sites. Although it shares some similarities with the human ACL, the goat has some specific features that must be considered. Further investigation should be conducted in order to determine the biomechanical role of each bundle in the goat knee.
Anatomical description of the anterior cruciate ligament in the goat knee
RONGA, MARIO;
2008-01-01
Abstract
PURPOSE The goat knee has been widely used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction models, including biomechanical and biological studies. The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed qualitatively and quantitatively assessment of the ACL, its bundles and its insertion site in the goat knee. METHODS Ten fresh-frozen non-paired adult goat knees were used in this study. We measured the insertion site area of each bundle, the distances between the center of these areas and the anatomy landmarks. Moreover, we analyzed the ratio between the femoral and tibial insertion site areas and the midsubstance cross-sectional area of the ACL. A digitizing systems, Microscribe 3D and 3D-laser camera, were used to record the data. Statistical analysis was performed using a t test with p < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTS Three bundles could be clearly identified in each ACL: anteromedial (AM), intermediate (IM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle (Fig. 1). Interestingly, the anterior horn attachment of the lateral meniscus (* in Fig.1) divides the anterior portion of the tibial ACL insertion into AM and IM/PL bundles. On the tibial side, the insertion of the IM and PL bundles could not be identified separately. On the femur, the area of insertion site, represented as a percentage of the entire footprint, was 54.3 ± 7.8% for AM, 9.9 ± 3.8% for IM and 35.8 ± 4.4% for PL bundle. The area of tibial insertion was 68.6 ± 4.7% for AM and 31.4 ± 4.7% for IM/PL bundle. The differences between the entire femoral (51.9 ± 4.6 mm2) and tibial (81.1 ± 11.9 mm2) footprint areas and between each bundle were statistical significant (p < 0.05). All insertions had significantly larger areas than the ligament midsubstance cross-sectional area (21.76 ± 7.26 mm2) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The precise knowledge of the ACL anatomy in the goat knee is necessary when a goat model is planned. Our study provides valuable information about the ACL, its bundles and its femoral and tibial insertion sites. Although it shares some similarities with the human ACL, the goat has some specific features that must be considered. Further investigation should be conducted in order to determine the biomechanical role of each bundle in the goat knee.
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