In everyday activities, people are constantly exposed to many potentially harmful agents. The exposure assessment is essential in the evaluation of their impact on public health and is also a crucial step in the estimate of the dose-response relationship between a given environmental exposure and outcome. When an organism is exposed to a chemical can have an effect only if the substance is absorbed and reaches the target organ. The interaction between a chemical and a subject depends on: the environmental concentration of the chemical; the duration of exposure; the penetration pathway; the penetration speed. Therefore, it is firstly essential to define the best possible estimate of the concentration available for absorption, which is also called “exposure level”. A comprehensive exposure assessment requires a indepth analysis of both “outdoor” and “indoor” air pollution to obtain an accurate and biologically relevant exposure estimate in the most effective and economic way. The choice of the measurement method is very important but it is very difficult to measure the real personal concentrations when the exposure assessment concerns the general population; it is then necessary to use surrogates of exposure. The two main exposure assessment approaches are classified into direct methods and indirect methods. In the latter category fall dispersion and simulation models that estimate environmental concentrations starting from fixed monitoring data. The use of environmental models allowed studies of large populations with low costs but also revealed many gaps. In fact, some of these models give unaccurate predictions on concentrations of pollutants measured in indoor environments. Some other models use both personal exposure data and environmental concentration data, allowing better estimates of the actual exposure and the prediction of theoretical exposures through the development of different possible scenarios. On the contrary, direct methods consist of determining the exposure of each study subject by the measurement of individual concentrations (external or internal dose). These techniques provide the best information for assessing exposure but are often very time and resource demanding. For this reason these metodologies were only used in studies of small groups of subjects. In addition, the determination of personal or individual exposures raises many critical issues, both methodologically and technologically. In addition, some environmental variables may increase the spatio-temporal variability of some pollutant concentrations. For all these reasons, the expertise of the “occupational hygienist” is pivotal in the exposure assessment process.
Nella vita di tutti i giorni le persone sono costantemente esposte a numerosi agenti potenzialmente nocivi. Al fine di valutare le conseguenze sulla salute pubblica è essenziale effettuare la stima dell’esposizione. Ciò permette di eseguire una valutazione delle interazioni tra una sostanza chimica e un organismo che richiede un’approfondita analisi dell’inquinamento atmosferico sia “indoor” che “outdoor” con lo scopo di ottenere una caratterizzazione accurata e biologicamente rilevante nel modo più efficace ed economico possibile. Questo tipo di approccio si suddivide in metodi diretti e indiretti a seconda del numero di esposti che devono essere indagati. I metodi diretti consistono nella misurazione delle concentrazioni individuali ma sono spesso caratterizzati da un’alta complessità e da costi elevati. I metodi indiretti utilizzano dei modelli di dispersione degli inquinanti che consentono studi su ampie popolazioni con costi contenuti ma presentano anche numerose lacune. La stima della concentrazione presenta numerose criticità sia di tipo metodologico sia tecnologico, inoltre vi sono alcune variabili ambientali che contribuiscono ad incrementarne la variabilità spazio-temporale. Le scelte da effettuare nella valutazione dell’esposizione sono molteplici e spesso complicate, per questo la competenza dell’”igienista occupazionale” è di fondamentale importanza sia nella misura diretta delle concentrazioni sia nella validazione dei dati ricavati dalle simulazioni modellistiche.
Dalle emissioni fino alla stima dell'esposizione umana: rilevanza della competenza dell'igienista occupazionale
CAVALLO, DOMENICO MARIA GUIDO
;SPINAZZÈ, ANDREA;CAMPAGNOLO, DAVIDE;CATTANEO, ANDREA
2013-01-01
Abstract
In everyday activities, people are constantly exposed to many potentially harmful agents. The exposure assessment is essential in the evaluation of their impact on public health and is also a crucial step in the estimate of the dose-response relationship between a given environmental exposure and outcome. When an organism is exposed to a chemical can have an effect only if the substance is absorbed and reaches the target organ. The interaction between a chemical and a subject depends on: the environmental concentration of the chemical; the duration of exposure; the penetration pathway; the penetration speed. Therefore, it is firstly essential to define the best possible estimate of the concentration available for absorption, which is also called “exposure level”. A comprehensive exposure assessment requires a indepth analysis of both “outdoor” and “indoor” air pollution to obtain an accurate and biologically relevant exposure estimate in the most effective and economic way. The choice of the measurement method is very important but it is very difficult to measure the real personal concentrations when the exposure assessment concerns the general population; it is then necessary to use surrogates of exposure. The two main exposure assessment approaches are classified into direct methods and indirect methods. In the latter category fall dispersion and simulation models that estimate environmental concentrations starting from fixed monitoring data. The use of environmental models allowed studies of large populations with low costs but also revealed many gaps. In fact, some of these models give unaccurate predictions on concentrations of pollutants measured in indoor environments. Some other models use both personal exposure data and environmental concentration data, allowing better estimates of the actual exposure and the prediction of theoretical exposures through the development of different possible scenarios. On the contrary, direct methods consist of determining the exposure of each study subject by the measurement of individual concentrations (external or internal dose). These techniques provide the best information for assessing exposure but are often very time and resource demanding. For this reason these metodologies were only used in studies of small groups of subjects. In addition, the determination of personal or individual exposures raises many critical issues, both methodologically and technologically. In addition, some environmental variables may increase the spatio-temporal variability of some pollutant concentrations. For all these reasons, the expertise of the “occupational hygienist” is pivotal in the exposure assessment process.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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