During the last ten years international regulatory bodies paid a special attention to ???emerging contaminants??? in water; these pollutants are present in water in low or very low concentrations, they are ubiquitous and their effects on human health and environment are, in a wide measure, still unknown. The European Community, in the Water Framework Directive (WFD), refers to various products that are not yet subjected to quality standards in water bodies and it established to minimize negative impacts: personal care products (PCPs), flame retardants (PBDE, TCPP), fuel additives (MTBE), plasticizers (DEHP), hormones and pharmaceutical products (PhC). This paper presents a study about two pharmaceutical products, Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Oxcarbazepine (OXCBZ), and six of their metabolites produced after assumption for therapeutic purpose, namely: Acridone; 2hydroxi-CBZ, 3hydroxi-CBZ; CBZ 10,11 epoxide; 10,11-dihydro-10-dihydroxiCBZ; 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxiCBZ. These molecules are studied in wastewater of two areas of the Lombardy (Italy) served by two different wastewater treatment plants: one (city of Pavia) has a traditional scheme, with primary and secondary treatment phases, the other (S. Antonino Ticino, Varese), fed with urban and industrial wastewater, has usual primary and secondary treatment, nitrogen removal and tertiary treatment for a treated water quality improvement; after this plant a part of treated water is released into the first ground water level. The concentration of these molecules in wastewaters was established in theory (taking into consideration data just like consumption of pharmaceutical products and flow) and data obtained in this way were compared with the results obtained by the analysis of about 80 samples of wastewaters collected in the two treatment plants (analysis with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS). Even if CBZ and OXCBZ are molecules very similar, the results of environmental monitoring show different degradation behaviors. Besides, the biological treatment for the removal of organic material and nitrogen is not always effective for the treatment of such compounds, but a strong oxidation (ozonation) seems more effective.
Pharmaceuticals removal from urban wastewater bymeans of biological and physycal-chemical treatments in full scale plants
CONTI, FABIO;STELLA, STEFANO
2011-01-01
Abstract
During the last ten years international regulatory bodies paid a special attention to ???emerging contaminants??? in water; these pollutants are present in water in low or very low concentrations, they are ubiquitous and their effects on human health and environment are, in a wide measure, still unknown. The European Community, in the Water Framework Directive (WFD), refers to various products that are not yet subjected to quality standards in water bodies and it established to minimize negative impacts: personal care products (PCPs), flame retardants (PBDE, TCPP), fuel additives (MTBE), plasticizers (DEHP), hormones and pharmaceutical products (PhC). This paper presents a study about two pharmaceutical products, Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Oxcarbazepine (OXCBZ), and six of their metabolites produced after assumption for therapeutic purpose, namely: Acridone; 2hydroxi-CBZ, 3hydroxi-CBZ; CBZ 10,11 epoxide; 10,11-dihydro-10-dihydroxiCBZ; 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxiCBZ. These molecules are studied in wastewater of two areas of the Lombardy (Italy) served by two different wastewater treatment plants: one (city of Pavia) has a traditional scheme, with primary and secondary treatment phases, the other (S. Antonino Ticino, Varese), fed with urban and industrial wastewater, has usual primary and secondary treatment, nitrogen removal and tertiary treatment for a treated water quality improvement; after this plant a part of treated water is released into the first ground water level. The concentration of these molecules in wastewaters was established in theory (taking into consideration data just like consumption of pharmaceutical products and flow) and data obtained in this way were compared with the results obtained by the analysis of about 80 samples of wastewaters collected in the two treatment plants (analysis with Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS). Even if CBZ and OXCBZ are molecules very similar, the results of environmental monitoring show different degradation behaviors. Besides, the biological treatment for the removal of organic material and nitrogen is not always effective for the treatment of such compounds, but a strong oxidation (ozonation) seems more effective.
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