This paper analyzes the problematic relationship between the death penalty and life imprisonment. It starts off with some indispensable references to the thought of Beccaria, as well as to some criminal legislation in force in the late 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. The essay then examines the main steps in the long and troubled path that led to the enactment of a national penal code in 1889 and to the replacement of capital punishment with life imprisonment. In order to accomplish this goal, which had been hindered by many, lawmakers had to make the punishment as intimidating as possible and guarantee the offender’s removal from society, as such offenders were presumed to be incorrigible. Many people exalted the reform as a great victory, but others criticized it for the heavy ways in which the punishment was executed. In the Fascist period, the individualistic ideology of the liberal era was replaced by an authoritarian conception that placed the purposes and interests of the State before those of individuals. This meant that the interests of citizens and even their very lives could be sacrificed for the preservation and defense of the State. On the basis of these assumptions, the attacks against the prime minister provided the opportunity to reintroduce capital punishment, at first with the 1926 law, and then firmly with the Rocco Code; life imprisonment, however, was mitigated.
Il saggio introduce il problema del rapporto pena di morte-pena perpetua con alcuni imprescindibili cenni al pensiero di Beccaria e al periodo sette-ottocentesco anteriore all’unificazione politica italiana. Esamina poi le principali tappe del lungo e tormentato iter che condusse, nel 1889, al codice penale unitario e alla sostituzione della pena capitale con l’ergastolo. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, ostacolato da molti, i legislatori dovettero attribuire alla pena la massima efficacia intimidatrice e garantire l’eliminazione del condannato dalla società, sul presupposto della presunzione di incorreggibilità degli autori di reati gravissimi. La riforma è celebrata da molti come una grande vittoria, ma, per le pesanti modalità di esecuzione, dà adito anche a non poche critiche. Dopo l’avvento del fascismo, l’ideologia individualistica liberale viene soppiantata dalla concezione autoritaria della preminenza dei fini e degli interessi dello Stato su quelli degli individui. Essa implica che gli interessi dei cittadini e perfino la loro vita possano essere sacrificati se la conservazione e la difesa dello Stato lo esigano. In questo clima, gli attentati diretti contro il capo del governo forniscono l’occasione di reintrodurre, accanto ad un ergastolo mitigato, la pena capitale, dapprima con la legge del 1926, e poi stabilmente con il codice Rocco.
Patibolo ed ergastolo dall'Italia liberale al fascismo
Danusso, Cristina
2017-01-01
Abstract
This paper analyzes the problematic relationship between the death penalty and life imprisonment. It starts off with some indispensable references to the thought of Beccaria, as well as to some criminal legislation in force in the late 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century. The essay then examines the main steps in the long and troubled path that led to the enactment of a national penal code in 1889 and to the replacement of capital punishment with life imprisonment. In order to accomplish this goal, which had been hindered by many, lawmakers had to make the punishment as intimidating as possible and guarantee the offender’s removal from society, as such offenders were presumed to be incorrigible. Many people exalted the reform as a great victory, but others criticized it for the heavy ways in which the punishment was executed. In the Fascist period, the individualistic ideology of the liberal era was replaced by an authoritarian conception that placed the purposes and interests of the State before those of individuals. This meant that the interests of citizens and even their very lives could be sacrificed for the preservation and defense of the State. On the basis of these assumptions, the attacks against the prime minister provided the opportunity to reintroduce capital punishment, at first with the 1926 law, and then firmly with the Rocco Code; life imprisonment, however, was mitigated.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.