Earthquake geology of shallow crustal faults and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Challenges ahead

With the development of modern techniques, we are able to improve the mapping of faint coseismic or cumulative surface deformation features, potentially enabling detection of blind faults. This also opens the opportunity to improve the empirical relationships relating earthquake magnitude to coseismic surface displacement or fault length towards the moderate magnitudes. The developing use of the probabilistic approach in assessing the surface displacement threat requires enhanced catalogues with both primary and distributed rupture evidences, to feed the attenuation relationships of displacement with distance. Another key point is to include the local conditions, including surficial geology, soil parameters and crustal rheology