Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive and rare form of melanoma arising from mucosal melanocytes with a pathogenesis unrelated to sun exposure. Head and neck, in particular the oral cavity and the sinonasal tract (SN), represent the most common MM sites. MM outcome is very poor and the reasons behind this aggressive clinical behavior are only partially understood. A retrospective review of 48 patients treated for sinonasal tract mucosal melanoma in two Italian tertiary care referral centres (University of Insubria, Varese, and University of Brescia) from 2000 to 2017 was performed. Clinical data, survival outcomes and prognostic factors have been fully analyzed. Tissue blocks were retrieved from Institutional archives. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the immunological tumor microenvironment was performed by testing different antibodies, such as CD45, CD8, CD3, CD163, CD20, CD66b, BDCA2, CD56, CD274/PD-L1, HLA-DP, DQ, DR. The PD-L1, β-catenin, and PTEN immunostaining were also performed. Cell lines were generated and cancer stem cells were identified. Gene mutation analysis was performed both using Sequenom MassArray system and targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Deletions/duplications analysis of regions in chromosomes 1p, 3, 6 and 8 was performed using SALSA MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) probemix P027 Uveal Melanoma. We found that MM is a noninflammed tumor with an immune contexture poor of CD45, CD8 and CD3 positive cells. In addition to the scarce immune infiltration, PDL-1 expression is almost absent in MM. This “cold” immune contexture may explain the limited efficacy of immunotherapy, even in the form of double immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA4, which has been observed in MM patients. When considering the molecular landscape of MM, we found somatic mutations only in 14/31 cases, mainly involving NRAS, KRAS and KIT. No BRAF mutations were found, in contrast with the genetic fingerprint of cutaneous melanoma. From genomic viewpoint, we described a multichromosome copy number aberration signature characterized by chromosome 3p-q losses together with 1p loss and 8p loss, which is associated with poor prognosis and early systemic metastasization risk. Although this genomic signature at present does not have a direct therapeutic implication, it may be useful in identifying patients at high risk for early dissemination of disease and poor prognosis, who might benefit from intensification of systemic treatments in neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. In conclusion, we found that MM should be considered as clinical entity significantly different from cutaneous melanoma with regard to its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics and genetic-molecular fingerprint. As such, it is important to evaluate these patients as a separate subset in order to give patients realistic expectations for their disease course and to propose them specific forms of treatment. In this regards, in well selected cases, target-therapies with MEK-inhibitors, PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, KRASG12C inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Imatinib, Nilotinib, Avapritinib), and multikinase inhibitors (Regorafenib) should be considered, based on the molecular profile. In addition, immunotherapy with double immune check points inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1) might be used in selected cases both in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting.
I melanomi mucosi (MM) sono neoplasie rare che originano dai melanociti delle mucose con una patogenesi non correlata alla fotoesposizione solare. Il distretto testa-collo, in particolare il cavo orale e il tratto sinonasale, rappresentano la sede più comune di insorgenza. La prognosi di questa neoplasia è infausta ed i motivi che possano spiegare questa aggressività sono ancora sconosciuti e richiedono studi di biologia molecolare specifici. È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva su 48 pazienti affetti da MM sinonasale, trattati in due centri italiani di riferimento dal 2000 al 2017. I dati clinici e i fattori prognostici sono stati analizzati. Materiale tissutale adeguato per ogni singolo caso è stato selezionato negli archivi. È stata condotta un’analisi immunoistochimica per analizzare il microambiente immunologico dei casi tumorali, utilizzando anticorpi specifici (CD45, CD8, CD3, CD163, CD20, CD66b, BDCA2, CD56, CD274/PD-L1, HLA-DP, DQ, DR. The PD-L1, β-catenin, e PTEN). Sono state generate delle linee di coltura cellulare e sono state identificate cellule staminali tumorali specifiche. L’analisi mutazionale genetica è stata condotta utilizzando il sistema Sequenom MassArray ed il sistema il targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). Delezioni/duplicazioni delle regioni cromosomiche 1p, 3, 6 e 8 sono state ricercate utilizzando le sonde SALSA MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) P027 Uveal Melanoma. I risultati del presente studio hanno dimostrato che questa neoplasia può essere considerata come un “noninflammed tumor” con un microambiente immunologico caratterizzato da scarso infiltrato di cellule CD45, CD8 e CD3. Inoltre, l’espressione di PDL-1 è risultata sempre assente. Questo ambiente immunologico “freddo” potrebbe spiegare l’efficacia limitata dei protocolli immunoterapici con doppio inibitore di checkpoint immunitario (anti-PD-1/e anti-CTLA4) che sono stati impiegati negli ultimi anni. L’analisi mutazionale ha evidenziato la presenza di mutazioni somatiche nei geni NRAS, KRAS e KIT solo in 14/31 casi. In particolare, non sono state osservate mutazioni di BRAF in nessuno dei casi analizzati, cosa che è completamente in contrasto con il profilo genetico che classicamente caratterizza i melanomi cutanei. Dal punto di vista genomico, è stato possibile descrivere un profilo muticromosomico specifico di alterazioni nel numero di copie, caratterizzato da “loss” del cromosoma 3p-q, 1p e 8p. Questo profilo, quando presente, è in grado di identificare un sottogruppo di pazienti caratterizzato da prognosi infausta ed elevato rischio di metastatizzazione precoce. Sebbene questo profilo di alterazioni genomiche non abbia una ricaduta terapeutica specifica al momento attuale, questo risultato potrebbe essere molto utile per aiutare nell’identificazione dei pazienti a prognosi peggiore ed elevato rischio di metastasi che potrebbero essere candidati a forme di trattamento neoadiuvante e/o adiuvante più intensificate. In conclusione, questo studio dimostra come il MM rappresenti un’entità tumorale completamente diversa dal melanoma cutaneo dal punto di vista della patogenesi, dell’epidemiologia, del decorso clinico e del profilo genetico-molecolare. Per questo motivo è importante inquadrare questi pazienti in modo specifico per proporre loro forme di trattamento mirato. A questo proposito, terapie target molecolare con MEK-inhibitors, PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, KRASG12C inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Imatinib, Nilotinib, Avapritinib), e multikinase inhibitors (Regorafenib) potrebbero essere proposte per questi pazienti, in base al loro stato mutazionale. Inoltre, trattamenti immunoterapici combinati con inibitori di doppio check point immunitario (anti-CTLA-4 e anti-PD-1) potrebbero essere usati per questi pazienti sia nel setting neoadiuvante che come forma di trattamento adiuvante.
Caratterizzazione dei melanomi mucosi: studio del microambiente immunologico e del profilo molecolare per sviluppare terapie mirate / Mario Turri Zanoni , 2021 Dec 21. 34. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2020/2021.
Caratterizzazione dei melanomi mucosi: studio del microambiente immunologico e del profilo molecolare per sviluppare terapie mirate
TURRI ZANONI, MARIO
2021-12-21
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a highly aggressive and rare form of melanoma arising from mucosal melanocytes with a pathogenesis unrelated to sun exposure. Head and neck, in particular the oral cavity and the sinonasal tract (SN), represent the most common MM sites. MM outcome is very poor and the reasons behind this aggressive clinical behavior are only partially understood. A retrospective review of 48 patients treated for sinonasal tract mucosal melanoma in two Italian tertiary care referral centres (University of Insubria, Varese, and University of Brescia) from 2000 to 2017 was performed. Clinical data, survival outcomes and prognostic factors have been fully analyzed. Tissue blocks were retrieved from Institutional archives. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the immunological tumor microenvironment was performed by testing different antibodies, such as CD45, CD8, CD3, CD163, CD20, CD66b, BDCA2, CD56, CD274/PD-L1, HLA-DP, DQ, DR. The PD-L1, β-catenin, and PTEN immunostaining were also performed. Cell lines were generated and cancer stem cells were identified. Gene mutation analysis was performed both using Sequenom MassArray system and targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Deletions/duplications analysis of regions in chromosomes 1p, 3, 6 and 8 was performed using SALSA MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) probemix P027 Uveal Melanoma. We found that MM is a noninflammed tumor with an immune contexture poor of CD45, CD8 and CD3 positive cells. In addition to the scarce immune infiltration, PDL-1 expression is almost absent in MM. This “cold” immune contexture may explain the limited efficacy of immunotherapy, even in the form of double immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA4, which has been observed in MM patients. When considering the molecular landscape of MM, we found somatic mutations only in 14/31 cases, mainly involving NRAS, KRAS and KIT. No BRAF mutations were found, in contrast with the genetic fingerprint of cutaneous melanoma. From genomic viewpoint, we described a multichromosome copy number aberration signature characterized by chromosome 3p-q losses together with 1p loss and 8p loss, which is associated with poor prognosis and early systemic metastasization risk. Although this genomic signature at present does not have a direct therapeutic implication, it may be useful in identifying patients at high risk for early dissemination of disease and poor prognosis, who might benefit from intensification of systemic treatments in neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting. In conclusion, we found that MM should be considered as clinical entity significantly different from cutaneous melanoma with regard to its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics and genetic-molecular fingerprint. As such, it is important to evaluate these patients as a separate subset in order to give patients realistic expectations for their disease course and to propose them specific forms of treatment. In this regards, in well selected cases, target-therapies with MEK-inhibitors, PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, KRASG12C inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Imatinib, Nilotinib, Avapritinib), and multikinase inhibitors (Regorafenib) should be considered, based on the molecular profile. In addition, immunotherapy with double immune check points inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1) might be used in selected cases both in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Modeling mucosal melanomas: understanding the immune contexture and the molecular landscape for therapeutic targeting
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