Enhancing biotechnology learning outcomes through the integration of immersive virtual reality laboratory simulations with traditional teaching methods

Virtual reality (VR) simulations are increasingly utilized in various educational and training settings to complement conventional learning approaches. The adaptable nature of virtual laboratories provides students with numerous advantages, such as exposure to hazardous reactions, complex procedures, or costly equipment, without the need for a physical science lab. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research supporting the effectiveness and efficiency of this innovative learning tool. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of biotechnology training using immersive VR technologies on students' motivation and learning outcomes compared to conventional methods alone. To achieve this goal, two distinct strategies were tested, respectively VR simulations were used “in place of” or “in addition to” the teacher's introductory lesson of a hands-on laboratory experience. Pre- and postactivity questionnaires were administered to measure the participants' theoretical knowledge, selfefficacy, interest in biotechnology, and engagement levels. Results indicated that replacing the introductory lesson with an immersive VR simulation led to lower learning outcomes compared to the traditional approach. Conversely, integrating VR simulations alongside existing methods resulted in higher learning outcomes, signifying a deeper comprehension of the subject matter. Additionally, the study revealed that learning through immersive VR simulations fosters greater student motivation than traditional methods. Thus, incorporating this technology alongside the established educational approaches in biotechnology could be considered a beneficial strategy to enhance student engagement while elevating learning outcomes.