Background: Propeller perforator flaps (PPFs) have gained increasing popularity in lower limb reconstruction. While their use in elective settings is well described, their role in acute post-traumatic reconstruction remains less defined. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched on 2 June 2025, for studies reporting on the use of propeller flaps in lower limb reconstruction after trauma. Only studies rated as “good” quality using the NIH quality assessment tool were included. Data on anatomical location, flap survival, complications, reinterventions, and functional and patient-reported outcomes were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Results: Twenty-eight studies published between 2008 and 2024 were included, accounting for 619 propeller flaps in a population of 838 patients. The majority of flaps were fasciocutaneous, with the posterior tibial artery being the most commonly used source vessel. Among the flaps included, 422 (68.2%) achieved complete survival without necrosis, 84 (13.6%) developed partial necrosis, and 23 (3.7%) failed completely. Considering all flaps that remained viable after any required revisions or conservative management, the overall survival rate was 97%. Venous congestion was the leading cause of flap compromise. The overall complication rate was 21.8%, increasing to 35.1% in acute trauma cases. A statistically significant correlation was found between wide rotation angles (≥150°) and higher complication rates (p = 0.015). The mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months. Functional and aesthetic outcomes were poorly reported, but when available, they were generally favorable. Conclusions: PPFs represent a valuable option for lower limb reconstruction, providing reliable coverage while preserving major vascular axes. Their application in acute trauma settings appears promising, although current evidence is limited by small verified cohorts and predominantly retrospective study designs. Despite higher complication rates in acute cases, flap survival remains consistently high, supporting their use in carefully selected patients. Further prospective studies with standardized outcome reporting are needed to clarify long-term functional results and refine selection strategies.
Propeller Flaps for Acute Lower Limb Reconstruction After Trauma: Evidence from a Systematic Review
Matarazzo S.Primo
;Corsini B.;Cozzi S.;Tellarini A.;Valdatta L.;Paganini F.
Ultimo
2025-01-01
Abstract
Background: Propeller perforator flaps (PPFs) have gained increasing popularity in lower limb reconstruction. While their use in elective settings is well described, their role in acute post-traumatic reconstruction remains less defined. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched on 2 June 2025, for studies reporting on the use of propeller flaps in lower limb reconstruction after trauma. Only studies rated as “good” quality using the NIH quality assessment tool were included. Data on anatomical location, flap survival, complications, reinterventions, and functional and patient-reported outcomes were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Results: Twenty-eight studies published between 2008 and 2024 were included, accounting for 619 propeller flaps in a population of 838 patients. The majority of flaps were fasciocutaneous, with the posterior tibial artery being the most commonly used source vessel. Among the flaps included, 422 (68.2%) achieved complete survival without necrosis, 84 (13.6%) developed partial necrosis, and 23 (3.7%) failed completely. Considering all flaps that remained viable after any required revisions or conservative management, the overall survival rate was 97%. Venous congestion was the leading cause of flap compromise. The overall complication rate was 21.8%, increasing to 35.1% in acute trauma cases. A statistically significant correlation was found between wide rotation angles (≥150°) and higher complication rates (p = 0.015). The mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months. Functional and aesthetic outcomes were poorly reported, but when available, they were generally favorable. Conclusions: PPFs represent a valuable option for lower limb reconstruction, providing reliable coverage while preserving major vascular axes. Their application in acute trauma settings appears promising, although current evidence is limited by small verified cohorts and predominantly retrospective study designs. Despite higher complication rates in acute cases, flap survival remains consistently high, supporting their use in carefully selected patients. Further prospective studies with standardized outcome reporting are needed to clarify long-term functional results and refine selection strategies.
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